Disease relevance of Anaerobiosis

• Expression of the Escherichia coli dmsABC operon that encodes a molybdenum-containing DMSO/TMAO reductase is increased in response to anaerobiosis and repressed by nitrate [1].
• These results suggest that enolase expression in maize and E. crus-pavonis during anoxia are similarly regulated at the transcriptional level but differ in posttranslational regulation, whereas enolase is fully induced in E. phyllopogon during anaerobiosis [2].
• It was demonstrated previously that abrupt transfer of vigorously aerated cultures of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to anaerobic conditions resulted in their rapid death, but gradual depletion of available O2 permitted expression of increased tolerance to anaerobiosis [3].
• DNA microarrays were used to examine the transcriptional response of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to anaerobiosis and nitrate [4].
• Like other members of the Clostridium cluster I, subcluster A, A. polyendosporus possesses such common phenotypic features as a Gram-positive cell wall structure, anaerobiosis, derivation of energy from carbohydrate fermentation yielding butyric acid among other organic acids and the capacity for endogenous spore-formation [5].

High impact information on Anaerobiosis

• A number of environmental stresses (such as osmotic shock and anaerobiosis) have been shown to induce changes in DNA supercoiling that can directly affect the transcription of a specific subset of bacterial genes, at least some of which (the outer-membrane porins and type 1 fimbriae) play a part in bacterial virulence [6].
• The glucocorticoid receptor binding capacity of rat thymus cells disappears when the cells are depleted of ATP by anaerobiosis, and rapidly reappears when ATP levels are restored [7].
• Changes in Cai2+ with time can also be followed: exposure of the cells to anaerobiosis or the calcium ionophore A23187 reversibly increases Cai2+ [8].
• It is also more easily measured and, therefore, more clinically useful than either Q, as a predictor of anaerobiosis and survival, or blood lactate concentration, as a predictor of survival [9].
• Neither anaerobiosis nor mitochondrial inhibitors substantially protected C. albicans exposed to NP-1, poly-L-arginine, poly-L-lysine, or mellitin [10].

Chemical compound and disease context of Anaerobiosis

• The experiments measured the effects of glucose, D-lactate, anaerobiosis, arsenate, cyanide, and 2,4-dinitrophenol upon the rates of B12 transport by starved cells of E. coli KBT001, which possesses a functional Ca2+, Mg2+-stimulated adenosine triphosphatase (Ca,MgATPase), and of E. coli AN120, which lacks this enzyme [11].
• Recombinant plasmids containing the Pediococcus acidilactici L-(+)-lactate dehydrogenase gene (ldhL) were isolated by complementing for growth under anaerobiosis of an Escherichia coli lactate dehydrogenase-pyruvate formate lyase double mutant [12].
• Expression of the Escherichia coli caiTABCDE and fixABCX operons involved in carnitine metabolism is induced by both carnitine and anaerobiosis [13].
• Iron-limited growth conditions under anaerobiosis were established for Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans strains Y4, JP2, and 75 by use of the ferrous ion chelator 2,2'-dipyridyl [14].
• We examined anaerobic E. coli cultures because of reports that in anaerobiosis, pyruvate kinase represents the major route for nucleoside triphosphate synthesis in the absence of nucleoside diphosphokinase [15].

Biological context of Anaerobiosis

• We have identified in the narK-fnr intergenic region a promotor activated by anaerobiosis independently of FNR [16].
• Unlike in E.coli, where fnr expression is weakly repressed by anaerobiosis, fnr gene expression in B.subtilis is strongly activated by anaerobiosis [16].
• This effect was dose- and time-related and was observed independently of the level at which the respiration was blocked (respiratory chain, proton backflow, ATPase, anaerobiosis) [17].
• Reduction of iron levels in grx5 null mutants does not restore the activity of iron/sulfur enzymes, and cell growth defects are not suppressed in anaerobiosis or in the presence of disulfide reductants [18].
• In addition, we show that Sut1p is involved in the induction of hypoxic gene transcription when the cells are shifted from aerobiosis to anaerobiosis [19].

Anatomical context of Anaerobiosis

• Changes in these networks result in the functional remodeling of the cell wall, sterol and sphingolipid metabolism, and dissimilatory pathways required for long-term anaerobiosis [20].
• It is hypothesized that inclusions of the second type may have the same biological role as the morphologically identical inclusions found in the mitochondria of brown fatty tissue in the perinatal rat and in yeasts during glucose repression or anaerobiosis [21].
• The mannose receptor was also not involved with invasion after exposure to acidic conditions, and mannoside resulted in only 32% inhibition of uptake by macrophages of M. tuberculosis exposed to anaerobiosis [22].
• Several treatments, namely incubation at 37 degrees C, in the presence of arsenite, 2,4-dinitrophenol or vitamin B-6, or release from anaerobiosis induce the same set of puffs in the polythene chromosomes of salivary glands of Drosophila hydei [23].
• Activation of tyrosine hydroxylase in the central nervous system by anaerobiosis [24].

Associations of Anaerobiosis with chemical compounds

• The stimulated release of protons was strictly coupled to the increase respiration of the cells, because inhibition of the respiration of either anaerobiosis, chlorpromazine, or glycolytic inhibitors also inhibited the release of protons [25].
• Adaptations toward anaerobiosis are many and varied: homolactate fermentation (schistosomes and filarial worms), heterolacate fermentations (H. diminuta), and succinate and heterosuccinate fermentations (Ascaris) [26].
• Antimycin A, dinitrophenol, oligomycin, and anaerobiosis (N2) inhibited the conversion, whereas sodium flouride and cycloheximide had no effect [27].
• Glucose and anaerobiosis potentiate the nigericin effect [28].
• These studies indicated that regulation of the CYB2 gene is subject to several metabolic controls at the transcriptional level: inhibition due to glucose fermentation, induction by lactate, and inhibition in anaerobiosis or in absence of heme biosynthesis [29].

Gene context of Anaerobiosis

• Dynamical remodeling of the transcriptome during short-term anaerobiosis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: differential response and role of Msn2 and/or Msn4 and other factors in galactose and glucose media [20].
• We identified 9 genes as responsive to UPC2 that were also induced under anaerobiosis, when sterol uptake is essential [30].
• Using arcA-lac transcriptional and translational fusions, we show that arcA expression increases (about fourfold) in anaerobiosis and that both Fnr and ArcA are required for full expression [31].
• Transcription from narXp is not significantly induced by nitrate under anaerobiosis, whereas transcription from narK promoter, which overlaps narXp region and is transcribed divergently, is fully induced by nitrate [32].
• In addition, psiE-lacZ is negatively controlled by the cAMP and CAP system. psiO-lacZ is induced by phosphate-, carbon- or nitrogen-limited growth or by anaerobiosis [33].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Anaerobiosis

• During reperfusion there was no evidence of differential release of the metabolites of anaerobiosis and myocardial oxygen extraction and glucose and lactate uptake were similarly depressed in both groups [34].
• RESULTS: Studies using tonometric monitoring of intramural pH have shown that tonometry detects early tissue anaerobiosis and net adenosine triphosphate (ATP) hydrolysis [35].
• Although the minimum inhibitory concentrations of ampicillin, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, and tetracycline were unaltered by anaerobiosis, sulfonamide was found to be four- to eightfold less active under this condition in both resistant and sensitive strains [36].
• 5. Propionate is not detectable in the control groups, but accumulates a little during anaerobiosis [37].
• 4) Electrical stimulation in the absence of oxygen caused a rapid decrease of the ATP and phosphotaurocyamine to low levels corresponding to those found after long-term anaerobiosis; the ADP and AMP concentrations were slightly higher than those found after long-term anaerobiosis (energy charge 0.55-0.58) [38].

References