Disease relevance of Mamillary Bodies

• The lesions occurred selectively in the thalamus, pontine tegmentum, and mammillary body and were manifested by hemorrhage and edematous necrosis consisting of severe edema of astrocytes, myelin sheaths, and neuronal dendrites [1].
• The mass was isointense with gray matter on sagittal and coronal T1-weighted images, which best displayed the relationship of the hamartoma to the third ventricle, infundibulum, and mammillary bodies [2].
• The mamillary bodies, in contrast to the other three regions, showed loss of myelinated fibers and decreased concentrations of cerebrosides, cholesterol and phospholipids, indicating demyelination [3].
• In animals reversed at later and more advanced symptomatic stages of thiamine deficiency, 14-15 days of treatment, degenerating axons were found in other cortical regions and hippocampus and there was extensive neuronal loss and gliosis within mammillary body and medial thalamus [4].
• Gelastic (laughing) epilepsy, relatively uncommon, is usually associated with hypothalamic hamartomas, pituitary tumors, astrocytomas of the mammillary bodies, and dysraphic conditions [5].

High impact information on Mamillary Bodies

• In contrast, the norepinephrine concentrations were markedly and consistently decreased in the lateral and posterior hypothalamus, mamillary body, subthalamic nucleus, and locus ceruleus [6].
• 2,5-Hexanedione, the principal neurotoxic metabolite of the industrial solvents n-hexane and methyl n-butyl ketone causes axonal degeneration in the mammillary body and visual nuclei of cats [7].
• Sim1 and Sim2 are required for the correct targeting of mammillary body axons [8].
• Foxb1 is expressed in a large hypothalamic neuronal group (the mammillary body), which gives origin to a major axonal bundle with branches to thalamus, tectum and tegmentum [9].
• In situ hybridization studies revealed a strong expression of the mGluR8 gene in the olfactory bulb, accessory olfactory bulb, and mammillary body [10].

Biological context of Mamillary Bodies

• Sex differences in androgen receptors of the human mamillary bodies are related to endocrine status rather than to sexual orientation or transsexuality [11].
• Selective metabolic activation of the mammillary bodies and their connections during ethosuximide-induced suppression of pentylenetetrazol seizures [12].
• After two consecutive (once daily) pentylentetrazol-induced convulsions a widespread upregulation of A1 receptor density was detected with a marked enhancement in structures that mediate seizure activity like hippocampus, mamillary bodies, septum, substantia nigra, thalamic nuclei and cerebral cortices [13].
• On the other hand, the loci in which verapamil evoked thermogenesis were localized to a region dorsal to the mammillary bodies and caudal to the descending columns of the fornix [14].

Anatomical context of Mamillary Bodies

• We examined the activity of single cells of the supramammillary nucleus (SUM), the mammillary body (MB), and adjacent regions of the diencephalon with respect to the hippocampal electroencephalogram (EEG) in urethane-anesthetized rats [15].
• The mesencephalic distribution of neurons exhibiting both retrograde labeling and TH immunoreactivity or retrograde labeling alone was examined from the level of the mammillary bodies to the locus coeruleus [16].
• The results showed that prior to the appearance of the clinical sequelae of thiamine deficiency (opisthotonus, which usually occurs on day 18 of deficiency) cerebral structures such as the mammillary body, vestibular nucleus, inferior colliculus, and thalamus showed significant hyperperfusion, reaching greater than 200% of control values [17].
• Amyloid beta-protein (A beta) accumulation in the putamen and mammillary body during aging and in Alzheimer disease [18].
• Thiamine diphosphate levels were lowest in hippocampus (15 +/- 4 pmol/mg of protein) and highest in mammillary bodies (24 +/- 4 pmol/mg of protein) [19].

Associations of Mamillary Bodies with chemical compounds

• A sample of AT cells, physiologically identified by their short-latency (less than 6.5 msec) response to mammillary body (MB) stimulation, was recorded in unanesthetized, chronically implanted cats and in urethane-anesthetized cats [20].
• The fine AP profile analysis was done by intrasubject "stacking" of contiguous coronal cross-sectional volumes (adjusted for ICV and age) across the AP plane, intersubject AP alignment of all slices relative to the mammillary bodies, and plotting of slice volumes along the AP plane with 95 percent t-test-based confidence intervals [21].
• Specific flunitrazepam binding was seen to be highest in the colliculi, cerebral cortex, hippocampal formation, interpeduncular nucleus, mamillary body, hypothalamus, olfactory tubercle, and in the molecular layer and deep nuclei of the cerebellum [22].
• The facilitatory and inhibitory action on NA and 5-HT (except for the mammillary body) neurons, respectively, in these regions of the brain, may be involved in mechanisms underlying the anticonflict action of anxiolytics (diazepam or suriclone) [23].
• Ibotenic acid ablations of the mammillary body reduced PrBCM binding in ATN whereas lesions in cingulate cortex and laterodorsal tegmental nucleus had no effect [24].

Gene context of Mamillary Bodies

• Pre-PENK neurons occur in varying numbers in all hypothalamic nuclei except the mammillary bodies [25].
• A high density of signals for neuronal L1cam mRNA was found in the thalamus, mammillary body, and hippocampus [26].
• At this time, microglia activation and PrPSc deposition was visible selectively throughout the limbic system, including the hippocampus, entorhinal cortex, medial and lateral septum, mamillary bodies, dorsal thalamus and, to a lesser degree, in regions of the brainstem [27].
• The mammillary bodies and supramammillary nuclei also contained CCK-A receptor sites [28].
• At parenteral doses of 2 or 8 mg/kg the drug caused a highly localized expression of the Fos protein in frontal, parietal, cingulate and piriform cortex as well as in claustrum, mamillary bodies, globus pallidus, amygdala, nucleus accumbens and dorsomedial striatum [29].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Mamillary Bodies

• In anaesthetized cats, mamillary bodies, hypothalamic areas and medial amygdaloid nuclei were bilaterally superfused through push-pull cannulae and the effects of the electrical stimulation on the release of endogenous histamine were investigated [30].
• Microinjections of histamine (1 microgram) into the hypothalamic nuclei including the medial preoptic area, paraventricular nucleus, ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus, posterior hypothalamic nucleus and mammillary body had no elevating effect on the plasma levels of epinephrine and glucose [31].
• Midline mamillary body fusion: incidental finding or pathological lesion [32]?
• Immunohistochemistry revealed that ovalbumin is found only in the mammillary bodies of decalcified shell, and is not distributed throughout the shell matrix [33].

References