Disease relevance of adrenaline

• The pathophysiology and genetics of congenital lipoid adrenal hyperplasia. International Congenital Lipoid Adrenal Hyperplasia Consortium [1].
• Concentrations of total DA and of free + conjugated NE + E in plasma are a more sensitive measure of sympathetic activity than are levels of free catecholamines, and they may provide a clinically useful biochemical index for categorizing hypertension and following its treatment [2].
• Adrenal medullary activity, on the other hand, increased substantially during acute exposure to moderate hypoxia (2-fold increase in urinary E excretion) and severe hypoxia (greater than 10-fold) [3].
• Unusual presentations of lung cancer: Case 2. Adrenal insufficiency as the initial manifestation of non-small-cell lung cancer [4].
• Furthermore, pretreatment of epidermal cells with EPI or norepinephrine in vitro suppressed the ability of these cells to present Ag for elicitation of delayed-type hypersensitivity in previously immunized mice [5].

Psychiatry related information on adrenaline

• Post hoc analysis revealed that maltreated subjects with PTSD excreted significantly greater concentrations of urinary EPI than OAD subjects [6].
• Lack of Association of the 11{beta}-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 1 Gene 83,557insA and Hexose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Gene R453Q Polymorphisms with Body Composition, Adrenal Androgen Production, Blood Pressure, Glucose Metabolism, and Dementia [7].
• Physical activity and infusion of adrenalin provoke a rise in FVIII, which can be blocked by a nonselective beta-blockade [8].
• Noradrenaline (NA), adrenaline (Ad), dopamine (DA), platelet serotonin (p-5HT), plasma serotonin (f-5HT) and plasma tryptophan (TRP) were assessed during the morning (supine resting + 1-min orthostasis + 5-min exercise) and at night (supine resting + slow wave sleep (SWS) + REM sleep) [9].
• OBJECTIVE: Reported correlations between epinephrine (EPI) excretion and classroom performance, the cognition-enhancing effects of EPI infusion, increased EPI excretion with stimulants, and reports of decreased EPI excretion in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) suggest that sympathoadrenomedullary function might be altered in ADHD [10].
• Bleeding recurred in 2 patients in the combination therapy group and 11 patients in the epinephrine injection group (3.8% vs 21%, P = .008) [11].

High impact information on adrenaline

• Neurotransmitters and hormones such as somatostatin, galanin, and adrenalin reduce insulin secretion [12].
• Conversely, monoclonal antibodies directed against the GPIIb/IIIa complex had no effect on ristocetin-induced binding of 125I-v-WF to normal platelets, but blocked thrombin- and ADP + EPI-induced binding [13].
• When analyzed by subgroup, the elevated E + MET group had markedly lower cerebrospinal fluid homovanillic acid levels than controls, whereas depressed patients with normal catecholamine levels did not [14].
• INTERVENTIONS: Adrenal scintiscans done using 1 mCi of NP-59 intravenously, and gamma camera imaging 5 to 7 days later [15].
• The effect of taurine on plasma catecholamines and the response of plasma E after the stimulation with glucagon was also studied in 12 borderline hypertensive and nine age-matched normotensive subjects [16].

Chemical compound and disease context of adrenaline

• The mean basal plasma epinephrine (E) level was not significantly altered by hypopituitarism [17].
• We found a false negative clonidine suppression test in a patient with an asymptomatic ACTH-secreting pheochromocytoma who had minimally increased resting plasma NE and E values of 669 and 419 pg/ml, respectively [18].
• 1) Adrenal adenoma formation in patients with Cushing's syndrome is accompanied by a parallel decrease in the stimulation of the release of steroid hormones in response to ACTH, cholera toxin, and forskolin [19].
• We conclude that obesity in women is attended by suppressed plasma E responses to isometric exercise, which may explain subnormal excursions of plasma FFA and beta-hydroxybutyrate during handgrip and recovery, respectively [20].
• Decapitation was found to be associated with a 10-fold increase in circulating NE and an 80-fold increase in circulating levels of EPI, whereas dopamine remained at undetectable levels [21].

Biological context of adrenaline

• In the quadriplegics the average resting blood pressure was 107/59 (mean, 75) mmHg, heart rate was 65 beats/min, and plasma norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine (E) levels were 0.05 and 0.005 ng/ml, respectively [22].
• Moreover, we observed a "priming" effect of MGDF on the phosphorylation of p-42 mitogen-activated protein kinase promoted by ADP, EPI, and THR [23].
• These results indicate that beta TC-6 cells are a glucose-responsive cell line in which insulin exocytosis is physiologically regulated by EPI and SRIF through Gi/Go-mediated mechanisms [24].
• Luciferase reporter expression was exquisitely sensitive over a large dynamic range, was specific for the transgenic animals, and paralleled typical neuroendocrine distribution of endogenous chromogranin A. Adrenal ontogeny revealed a rise of embryonic transgene expression until embryonal day 18, with an abrupt postnatal decline [25].
• There was a significant increase in heart rate and E concentrations during the jump itself [26].

Anatomical context of adrenaline

• The compound inhibits irreversibly 1-epinephrine-dependent adenylate cyclase activity [ATP pyrophosphate-lyase (cyclizing), EC 4.6.1.1] in the whole turkey erythrocyte as well as in the erythrocyte membranes possessing the beta-receptor [27].
• Postextrasystolic potentiation (PESP) and 1-epinephrine infusion have previously been shown by the ventriculographic technique to augment left ventricular wall motion in patients with coronary artery disease [28].
• However, 2- to 2.5-day embryonic chicken myocardial cells, although similar to 5-day heart cells with respect to the organization of myofibrils, failed to respond to EPI either by increased rates of contraction or by elevated levels of intracellular cAMP [29].
• With epi/ADP in the absence of RGDS, there was an immediate, marked decrease in the percentage of all leukocytes with bound platelets, simultaneous with an increase in the percentage of unbound platelet aggregates [30].
• These catecholamines activated adenylate cyclase in order of IPN greater than NE greater than Epi in AH130 cells but IPN greater than Epi greater than NE in hepatocytes [31].

Associations of adrenaline with other chemical compounds

• Epinephrine (EPI), and to a lesser extent SRIF, inhibited phasic glucose-induced insulin secretion [24].
• In 43 inexperienced tandem parachutists, blood was drawn continuously from 2 h before to 1 h after the jump and analyzed at 10-min intervals for plasma concentrations of epinephrine (E), norepinephrine (NE), cortisol, GH, PRL, and TSH [26].
• After clonidine there was a decrease in plasma levels of noradrenaline (NA) and adrenaline (Ad) in PD, MSA, and NC, and an increase in growth hormone (GH) in PD, PAF, and NC [32].
• To measure norepinephrine (NE), epinephrine (E) (nmol.l-1: radioenzymatic assay) and NPY (pmol.l-1: immunoradiometric assay) plasma concentrations, blood samples were drawn from the femoral artery and from the coronary sinus, both at baseline and during dobutamine infusion [33].
• Stimulation of PRL release by l-ISO and E was blocked by the beta-receptor antagonist, propranolol, but not by the alpha-receptor blocker, prazosin [34].
• The antiapoptotic mechanism of epinephrine primarily involves phosphorylation and inactivation of the proapoptotic protein BAD by cAMP-dependent protein kinase [35].
• Pretreatment of PC12 cells with epinephrine partly inhibited 30 microM nocodazole induced neurites retraction [36].

Gene context of adrenaline

• HD did not produce a significant change in plasma concentrations of AVP, ANP, NPY, E, or NE [37].
• The vasoconstrictor neuropeptide Y (NPY) has been shown to down-regulate tyrosine hydroxylase expression in cultured adrenal chromaffin cells, which probably accounts for the higher plasma resting norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine (E) concentrations observed in Y(1) knock-out mice (Y(1)-/-) than in wild-type mice (Y(1)+/+) [38].
• Molecular Diagnosis of a BRAF Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma with Multiple Chromosome Abnormalities and Rare Adrenal and Hypothalamic Metastases [39].
• Administration of the GR antagonist significantly enhanced the magnitude of the CRH-induced increase in E, whereas the effect of the MR antagonist just failed to reach significance [40].
• Plasma levels of PRL and EPI were unaffected by techno- and classical music [41].
• These results suggest a new mechanism that has ATP as a key element and circumvents the action of aspirin on epinephrine-facilitated PAR4-mediated platelet activation [42].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of adrenaline

• CONCLUSIONS: Adrenal gland enlargement occurring during an episode of major depression appears to be state-dependent, in that it reverts to the normal size range during remission after treatment [43].
• E decreased rapidly, to 360 +/- 84.3 pg/ml, after myocardial and pulmonary reperfusion (stage 5) [44].
• Plasma NE and EPI concentrations were unchanged in VMH-lesioned rats that received a single intravenous injection of leptin [45].
• Local intradermal injection of EPI inhibited the induction of contact hypersensitivity to epicutaneously administered haptens [5].
• Bilateral adrenalectomy abolished the increase in plasma EPI elicited by stimulation of the RVL but did not affect resting rCBF (n = 5) or the elevation in rCBF elicited by RVL stimulation (n = 5) [46].

References