Disease relevance of Research

• To determine research priorities in infectious diseases, the impact of infections on hospital care in the United States is estimated from the number of infectious diseases observed in hospitals that cooperate with the Center for Disease Control in surveillance of community-acquired and nosocomial infections [1].
• Epidemiological observations and laboratory research have suggested that nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) reduce the risk of colon cancer and that the inhibition of colon carcinogenesis by NSAIDs is mediated through the modulation of prostaglandin production by rate-limiting enzymes known as cyclooxygenases (COXs) [2].
• PURPOSE: To review the preclinical and clinical studies relevant to the prognosis and prognostic associations of BRCA1- and BRCA2-associated breast carcinomas, with an emphasis on research methodology [3].
• Furthermore, several lines of laboratory research suggest that dopamine agonists might protect dopaminergic neurons in PD and retard the rate of disease progression [4].
• A unique strategy of sample blinding is introduced in this protocol, wherein both subject and control specimens are supplied to the research laboratory as coded samples, spiking blood from HIV seropositive volunteers matched for CD4 lymphocyte count with known but varying numbers of cells transduced with each vector [5].

Psychiatry related information on Research

• SETTING: Sleep Research Laboratory PATIENTS OR PARTICIPANTS: Patients with primary and secondary insomnia INTERVENTIONS: N/A MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: Subjects with Primary Insomnia exhibited more average NREM activity for Beta-1 (14-20Hz), Beta-2 (20-35Hz) and Gamma activity (35-45Hz) than the other two groups (p.<.01) [6].
• AIMS: The Cocaine Rapid Efficacy Screening Trials (CREST) were designed by the National Institute on Drug Abuse Division of Treatment Research and Development (NIDA, DT R&D) to rapidly screen a number of medications potentially useful for the treatment of cocaine dependence [7].
• A previous publication, Part I of this review, dealt with the classification of depressive disorders and research techniques for studying the biochemical mechanisms of these disorders [8].
• Future research and development of agents that specifically target the H(2)O(2) molecule or enzymes involved in its metabolism may provide the future route to Alzheimer's disease therapy [9].
• The promising clinical data on the use of the first orally active phosphodiesterase inhibitor sildenafil citrate (Viagra) for treatment of male erectile dysfunction have been accompanied by an increase in research activities on the physiology of the male erectile mechanism [10].

High impact information on Research

• Since that first report intense research activity has been directed towards determining the mechanism of action of the active atrial natriuretic polypeptides (ANP) found in these extracts [11].
• The American kestrel as a laboratory research animal [12].
• This trend should encourage reevaluation of research priorities and previously accepted standards for optimal fluoride use [13].
• Current research activities on the characterization of CYP expression, function, and regulation in these tissues, as well as future research needs, are discussed [14].
• Chloroquine is effective for prophylaxis only in Central America, the Caribbean, and parts of the Middle East. Few new drugs will be available in the near future because of reduced funding for antimalarial drug research and development; therefore, the usefulness of currently available drugs needs to be prolonged by rational use [15].

Chemical compound and disease context of Research

• The antigen is based on the Venereal Disease Research Laboratory antigen, with EDTA, choline chloride, and toluidine red toner added [16].
• The goals of these research activities have been to identify compounds with superior efficacy, reduced toxicity, lack of cross-resistance or improved pharmacological characteristics as compared with the parent compound, cisplatin [17].
• MATERIALS AND METHODS: Supersaturation values for calcium oxalate, calcium phosphate and uric acid in 24-hour urine samples were calculated from a set of kidney stone risk factor measurements made at a central laboratory site for the network and research laboratory for the clinic [18].
• Cardiolipin, the most acidic phospholipid (net negative charge of 2 at pH 7.0) has been historically important as an antigen for testing reagin in syphilis serology, and currently is part of the antigenic composition used in the Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL) tests [19].
• A total of 1,020 serum and plasma specimens were tested using the Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL), Rapid Plasma Reagin (RPR) card, Reagin Screen (RST) and Fluorescent Treponemal Antibody-Absorption (FTA-ABS) tests [20].

Biological context of Research

• A research priority of the World Health Organization is to develop oral rehydration solutions containing amino acids or other additives that will stimulate intestinal absorption more efficiently than the current glucose-based oral rehydration solutions [21].
• Typically, efficacy of these agents is based on published positive clinical trials; however, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) compiles summary reports of all pivotal randomized clinical trials, which are available for public review under the Freedom of Information Act. They are rarely accessed but may have public health utility [22].
• The purpose of the Eighth International Conference on Carcinogenic/Mutagenic N-Substituted Aryl Compounds, held in Washington, DC, 12-14 November 2001, was to explore the current scope of studies on arylamine carcinogenesis among scientists in basic research and epidemiology and to discuss future research priorities [23].
• BACKGROUND: In laboratory research, nicotine administration is associated with increases in blood pressure [24].
• Long-range atmospheric transport of elemental mercury, its transformation to more toxic methylmercury compounds, the ability of some to undergo photochemical reactions, and their bioaccumulation in the aquatic food chain have made it a subject of global research activities, even in polar regions [25].

Anatomical context of Research

• How brain inflammatory activities affect transendothelial migration of leukocytes into the brain and alter the process of myelination are the focal points for MS research activities [26].
• Moreover, the agreement concerning diagnostic criteria provides a solid foundation for current clinical trials and for laboratory research regarding the possible roles of the immune system, clonality, and cytokines in the etiology of LCH [27].
• Further research and development include the use of selective androgen and/or progestin receptor modulators, nonpeptide GnRH antagonists, and agents with local actions on the testis for male contraception [28].
• The biological functions of ACh synthesized by endothelial cells are the focus of ongoing research activity [29].
• DESIGN: In the research laboratory, inactive collagenous bone matrix was reconstituted with 1 microg of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-7 and implanted subcutaneously in the thorax bilaterally in 30 male Long-Evans rats [30].

Associations of Research with chemical compounds

• Fresh plasma or serum specimens from a standardized research laboratory were assayed for total cholesterol on all five analyzers [31].
• The long and winding road from the research laboratory to industrial applications of lactic acid bacteria [32].
• The "retinoid revolution" has had considerable impact on research activity in the field of lung development [33].
• Clinical and laboratory research is needed to provide understanding of the mechanisms of cannabinoids in relapse to alcohol and cocaine use [34].
• Acute stressors and cortisol responses: a theoretical integration and synthesis of laboratory research [35].

Gene context of Research

• Present data and laboratory research indicate that new aromatase inhibitors have the potential to play an important role as adjuvants, and possibly in the prevention of human breast cancer [36].
• Despite significant research activity and considerable progress in understanding the biochemical and molecular genetic function of WRN, the in vivo molecular pathway(s) of WRN remain elusive [37].
• The intense research activity in the chemokine field has made this acutely manifest [38].
• Summary report on the ISOBM TD-4 Workshop: analysis of 56 monoclonal antibodies against the MUC1 mucin. San Diego, Calif., November 17-23, 1996 [39].
• Inhibition of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) represents one of the most important avenues for research and development in the field of cancer therapy [40].

Analytical, diagnostic and therapeutic context of Research

• A critical analysis is undertaken of the ethical debate on two general classes of research activities that bear on the future of human gene therapy: (i) the human fetus and (ii) the preimplantation human embryo after in vitro fertilization (IVF) [41].
• Neither 172 nonsyphilitic sera nor 20 false-positive sera in the Venereal Disease Research Laboratory test reacted in the 4D ELISA [42].
• We examined the effects of chronic exposure to radionuclides, primarily uranium and mixed-fission products, on cancer mortality in a retrospective cohort study of workers enrolled in the radiation-monitoring program of a nuclear research and development facility [43].
• In the 25 years since it was first described, prolonged esophageal pH monitoring has gained increasing acceptance and popularity as a diagnostic and research technique in GER disease [44].
• These results indicate that video imaging may be a useful research technique for estimating neuromuscular blockade at the larynx and that the time to onset of succinylcholine at the larynx is similar to that at the hand, whereas the duration of blockade is significantly shorter at the larynx [45].

References